Thursday, August 27, 2020
A Long Way Down By Matthew Simpson Song Analysis
Scratch Hornby is a cutting edge British exemplary writer, having won numerous honors, the greater part of his books have move to the highest point of the smash hits diagram. The vast majority of his books are anecdotal and will in general be expounded on jobless characters or characters who are currently very far down the social stepping stool, out of the blue. His books have done all around ok for three movies to be made out of them. ââ¬ËA Long Way Down' is around four characters who need to end it all, however meet and choose not to, rather selecting to help one another. It was effective in view of its account and the characters which we like to find out about so as to cause ourselves to feel better. Individuals would likewise get it as a result of his past progress. There are numerous explanations behind its prosperity, including the way that it is about self destruction. We are charmed by this story since it is something we don't generally think about. The subject of social riches is additionally significant in light of the fact that it is something we are associated with on an everyday premise. Character presentations are significant on the grounds that it sets the standard for the remainder of the novel and furthermore needs to snare the peruser. ââ¬ËEmma' By Jane Austin is a genuine model as it snares us by speaking quickly about social riches, ââ¬Å"with almost no to trouble or vex herâ⬠, this interests us since we need to find out about her extravagant way of life. As I have recently talked about, Hornby is a top of the line creator who has become a cutting edge exemplary creator. This notoriety probably helped ââ¬ËA Long Way Down' to sell well, as it became a smash hit. Investigation of character presentations Every one of the four characters start the story and the assortment in social abundance of the characters adds to intrigue. By having these four negating characters, we are ensured strife. Jess is a youthful, party-going windbag, yet is without numerous companions, ââ¬Å"and not have anyplace to go on New Year's Eve.â⬠We as perusers wonder what her life resembles, however once we discover that she has a political dad, and an agreeable home, we feel little compassion toward her. Jess likes to contend with and pester different characters, which can energize us, since we like to see characters drop out so as to cause us to feel better about ourselves. Maureen is the other female, who is very independent with a handicapped child. Her change from this character into a progressively loose, open and neighborly character in the wake of hitting Jess' ex, gives us that even the most antisocial individuals can change and be cheerful, fulfilling us as perusers too. By including an alleged rising American demigod, who has lamentably run into some bad luck, we feel sorry that he couldn't accomplish his desire. JJ's consistent utilization of swear words livens up the story, ââ¬Å"Oh OK, your band was screwed upâ⬠¦the just explanation you were in this fuckin' countryâ⬠, as we don't consider it to be being bombastic, or something that we can't peruse. The good to beat all must be the law-breaking youngster molester, ââ¬Å"screwing a fifteen-year-oldâ⬠, who soared into the open eye for things which he would prefer to have not been' being assaulted by the press with features, for example, ââ¬Å"SLEAZEBAG!â⬠We need to realize how on earth he might live with himself, and maybe comprehend that he's not the dangerous scalawag that we may regularly generalization him as. Despite the fact that, without a doubt, we are not intended to like him such much. Having these four diverse self-destructive characters additionally implies that we can see that self-destructive individuals aren't really as narrow minded as we may might suspect they seem to be, and that they are simply ordinary individuals like you and me, aside from terribly generalized and with probably large issues. Each character intrigues us in an alternate manner, and clearly one of the books most prominent pulls is its cutting edge style, with visit utilization of saying, etc, as I have clarified underneath. Be that as it may, some other intriguing components are the way that Jess doesn't utilize discourse marks since she obviously doesn't see how to utilize them. By fluctuating the linguistic structure this way, it makes the sentence structure less normal thus all the more fascinating to peruse, and maybe more of a test to peruse. Another key factor is the way one character thinks about different characters, for instance Martin believes that he is excessively cool to ââ¬Å"hang aroundâ⬠with the other three, when he unmistakably isn't. This distinction in perspectives towards one another that they don't all fundamentally think about, has the impact of making the peruser think they have an advantaged see on things thus need to discover how things change. Hornby discharges data gradually so as to include interest. This is clear in the primary section which Maureen ââ¬Å"writesâ⬠, where she discusses a ââ¬Å"Heâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Hisâ⬠without disclosing to us what this' identity is. We wonder in the event that she is in a broken relationship, until we discover a couple of lines later that it is really her child, later still a debilitated kid, which maybe causes her to appear to be egotistical when she says, ââ¬Å"but you can see that nothing goes in.â⬠It is immeasurably significant that Hornby utilizes a part account so cap we can see the focal plot told or depicted from a few distinct edges, and see what impacts it has on Martin's family or what he has left of it therefore, for instance, ââ¬Å"You realize Martin left us? We didn't leave him?â⬠It likewise gives us, as perusers, assortment so that on the off chance that we get exhausted of one characters method of composing, we are protected in the information that another character will be along in brief that has an alternate attitude toward things, and an alternate style of composing, motivating us to continue perusing. In addition, on the off chance that we had only one account, at that point we wouldn't master anything about self destruction that would offer us a ââ¬Å"well-roundedâ⬠input on the off chance that you like, it would likewise get horrendously exhausting except if that character had part characters, for instance. Investigate Hornby's composing style I imagine that Hornby's composing style is fantastic. The manner in which we get the feeling that he has composed nothing, and that it was crafted by these totally conceivable characters is bewildering. As above, he much of the time utilizes idiom, probably to bring the novel rational and to cause individuals to accept that these could be genuine individuals. He utilizes exceptionally unpretentious language procedures, for example, sections to make Maureen appear un-sure and Jess' absence of discourse imprints to show idiocy. For all intents and purposes the entire book is composed like a discussion and streams like one also. Basically the entire book could be put on a phase without an excess of re-composing, and this, I assume, assists with lifting it out of the weighting of ââ¬Å"a bookâ⬠where entangled language and dull sections are utilized into something that you could accept to occur in you road. Investigation of subjects and stories We are keen on a gathering of individuals who need to slaughter themselves since it isn't something we would typically consider doing, nor is it something that we think about. The way that self destruction is so untouchable in current society makes the story of this book significantly progressively account, since it is some place where we can discover somewhat more about self destruction, without all the assessments of others and so on. We are eventually interested by this. Social riches is critical in the novel, in such a case that the characters had been fruitful individuals with bunches of cash, and heaps of companions then we as peruses would not be intrigued. At the point when we get a book, the greater part of us like to run away to a different universe, and get some answers concerning that world. Besides, we like to like ourselves simultaneously, so the characters must be the direct inverse to the abovementioned with the goal that we can contrast it with our own lives and be glad that we are doing genuinely well. Many individuals are fixated on big name in the present society, so the way this is a key segment for Martin in the novel is a major draw. Big name magazines for the most part center around connections, and once in a while do we consider superstars to be such distinctive issues as Martin. We as perusers need to perceive what this notoriety torn star does with his life and furthermore to watch his ruin. They need to know how somebody with such a trustworthy activity could get into such a terrible state, which is something many individuals like getting some answers concerning. We maybe likewise feel compassion toward him on account of the manner in which he is treated by the media, which draws matches with how genuine superstars are dealt with and how we currently consider them a consequence of perusing the novel. For those individuals who read ââ¬ËA Long Way Down' and are strict, a major piece of the account for them must be Maureen's battle with her religion's position on what she so urgently needs to do and the agony she is languishing. Individuals may consider how on earth a Catholic could conceivable think about perhaps the greatest sin, as the undeniable comment is that it's anything but a possibility for her, yet she unmistakably thinks it is. Perusers will need to discover, explicitly in nowadays of high strict pressure, how and on the off chance that she figures out how to betray her religion's convictions. Self destruction and strict blame connection firmly with one another here. A few people may contend that the consummation of the novel was a touch of a disappointment, since they were expecting at any rate one of the four to end it all. Nonetheless, I would contend that it wasn't, on the grounds that we never truly pull for any of the characters to murder themselves, rather we need to see them settle their issues. The way that we get a closure where they talk about helping another person who is in their circumstance, shows that they have gotten the hang of something and proceeded onward, and this satisfies us. In Martin's last section, he appears to compose somewhat like a guilty party doing network administration, as he attempts to recover his ââ¬Å"self-respect.â⬠This gives us that his haughtiness from the beginning of the novel had maybe begun to pass on, until we read that he didn't care for the youngster and censured him for not getting his sense of pride back quickl
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Father Damien And His Journey Essays - Hawaii, Leprosy,
Father Damien And His Journey Father Damien and His Journey Somewhere in the range of 1866 and 1873, 700 and ninety-seven pariahs showed up on Molokai. Practically 50% of them kicked the bucket. Open irateness mounted, and the Board of Health looked to improve conditions. In April of 1873, Walter Gibson, a government official at that point, composed a paper article that made a strong solicitation. It required a respectable Christian minister, evangelist, or Sister who might forfeit their own life to reassure the outcasts on Molokai. There were a few men in Hawaii who were happy to react, and one of them was Father Damien, an altruistic Catholic minister with the Sacred Hearts request. It might have been presentiment or prescience, however Father Damien had known for quite a while that he would in the long run go to Molokai. At the point when Father Damien showed up on Molokai, it was in a mess. Sacrosanct Hearts had recently assembled a little sanctuary, devoted to St. Philomena, however participation was rare. There was no legislature on the island, and the outsiders' days were loaded up with drinking, wrongdoing, and a general feeling of misery. Father Damien decided to amend this from multiple points of view. During the main weeks upon appearance, Father Damien played it safe to dodge virus. He settled easily under a tree outside of the small house of prayer, and an enormous stone on the tree filled in as his supper table. In any case, if Damien shielded his body from the illness, there was nothing he could do to shield his eyes or ears from the stun of the contact with the pariahs. Social affair his fortitude, he started to approach the pariahs individually. He grasped them, ate with them, and he cleaned and dressed their injuries. On his first visit to a little youngster, he found that worms had eaten at one entire side of her body. Presently this more likely than not been a stun to the pariahs, who in the past had just observed individuals who had been sent by the Department of Health. These past specialists were so scared of disease that they turned to taking a gander at their patient's wounds by lifting the swathes with a stick. At another point, a specialist left medication on a table where the pariahs could get it, safeguarding that he would not need to been in a similar live with them. Having somebody like Father Damien who was eager to draw near to them, and who communicated in the Hawaiian language, started to give the outsiders trust. Not really trust that they would live, yet trust that their lives, anyway short, would make them mean. With the assistance of his patients, Father Damien assembled houses, developed a water framework, and planted trees. He additionally composed schools, groups and ensembles. He gave clinical consideration to the living, and covered the dead. He even extended the small church on the island. He industriously baited the Hawaiian government and his congregation for additional assets, which brought about an uplifted consciousness of the infection and the situation of its casualties. One day in December of 1884, while absorbing his feet very boiling water, Father Damien encountered no sensation to warmth or agony. He knew now that he had infection. He had lived on Molokai for a long time when this was affirmed. In spite of the fact that the infection isn't exceptionally infectious, Damien had not been cautious about cleanliness. He didn't do anything to isolate himself from the outsiders. He ate with them, shared his funnel, and didn't generally wash his hands subsequent to swathing open bruises. Regardless of his numerous commitments, the Sacred Hearts Fathers were hesitant to help Father Damien at long last. He requested to come to Honolulu, so another minister may hear his admissions, however his Father Superior disallowed it. At long last, he yielded, yet demanded that if Damien must come to Honolulu, that he remain at the Franciscan Sisters' outcast emergency clinic. He was not permitted to leave his space for the length of his remain, which was multi week. He discussed his dismissal by his own as the best enduring he had ever suffered in his life. At the point when Father Damien came back to Molokai, he was completely alone. He constantly asked his bosses for a collaborator, not exclusively to support him
Friday, August 21, 2020
International Summit on Job Creation and Workforce Development COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
International Summit on Job Creation and Workforce Development COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Even though it is summer at SIPA and many of our students are dispersed around the world completing internships, activities at the university focused on policy issues do not stop. Evidence can be found in a summit that took place yesterday, featuring a keynote address by NYC Major Michael Bloomberg. âJob Creation and Workforce Developmentâ Thursday, June 25, 2009, 8:30 a.m. â" 12:00 p.m. Low Memorial Library, Columbia University in the City of New York. New York City Global Partners, Inc, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentâs (OECD) Local Economic and Employment Development Programme, and Columbia University in the City of New York are pleased to convene this summit, which brings together governmental leaders, policy professionals, and renowned intellectuals from 21 nations. Cities represented are Addis Ababa, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Athens, Baltimore, Barcelona, Belfast, Brussels, Budapest, Calgary, Caracas, Copenhagen, Dublin, Fortaleza, Hong Kong, Kolkata, London, Manila, Miami, Milan, Philadelphia, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Shanghai, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Tokyo, Toronto and Vancouver. This international summit will showcase successful initiatives from New York City and around the world that improve the technical skills and quality of the urban workforce and meet the needs of critical and growing sectors of the economy. During the summitâs public program, New York City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and leaders from Barcelona, London, Santiago, Shanghai, and the OECD will discuss programmatic solutions and implementation strategies that strengthen the urban workforce. This event is part of a two-day dialogue between New York City leaders and their counterparts from around the world. To learn more and view a list of presenters, please visit: www.universityprograms.columbia.edu
Monday, May 25, 2020
The Opinion Of The Declaration Of Independence - 880 Words
The Right to a Revolution The fireworks we hear; the red, white and blue that we wear; the barbeques that we attend on July 4th are to show our patriotism in celebration of our freedom from Britain. It is our nationââ¬â¢s birthday. This freedom began with the signing of a very important document called the Declaration of Independence. In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Benjamin Franklin, and signed by John Hancock. It was written in a time of turmoil between the 13 original colonies and Britain. It has three parts ââ¬â the preamble, indictment and conclusion. The Declaration was written to provide a theoretical case for revolution, to list complaints against the King, and to declare the 13 colonies independent from Britain (R. Hole). The preamble is the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence. It refers to a theory of natural rights as a reason for revolution. The opening o f the Declaration declares that all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. What exactly does this mean? People naturally have the right to be alive and live their lives to the fullest means possible; people are born free and should remain free and unshackled; and people have the right to pursue things that bring them joy and allow personal growth. The threat of eminent war becomes clear in the first paragraph, ââ¬Å"When in the course of human events, it becomesShow MoreRelatedKosovo Case Analysis1230 Words à |à 5 PagesThe case presented was in response to the independent declaration of liberation by the government of Kosovo. A demand for an advisory opinion was requested from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In order to provide this advisory opinion, it should be determined if the International Court of Justice has the jurisdiction in the case being presented. Even though the leading paragraph of Article 96 allows for an advisory opinion to be requested when it comes to ââ¬Å"any legal question, the ICJ hasRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Freedom Of Speech1702 Words à |à 7 PagesJeffersonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Declaration of Independenceâ⬠was revolutionary in its statement that all people had ââ¬Å"certain unalienable rightsâ⬠(18), which people today sometimes to refer to as individual rights. In modern times, many television shows have made references to individual rights, such marriage equality, like in Leslie Knopeââ¬â¢s officiation of the marriage between two male penguins on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation (ââ¬Å"Pawnee Zooâ⬠). Although it could be said that ââ¬Å"The Declaration of Independenceâ⬠is focusedRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words à |à 5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injusticesââ¬â¢ toward the coloniesRead MoreDeclaration Of Independence By Richard Henry1212 Words à |à 5 PagesDeclaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was definitely a day to remember. The events leading to the signing of the Declaration of Independence played a key role in it. ââ¬Å"Resolved, that these United Colonies, are and of right to be free and independent states.â⬠(Declaration of Independence). That quote, coming from the Declaration of Independence, pretty much sums up the reason for the writing of the Declaration of Independence, becoming independent from the rule of Great BritainRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By The United States1106 Words à |à 5 PagesThe setting of the Declaration of Independence was the United States. It was declared on July 4, 1776. After the Boston tea party rebellion the United states wanted their independence. One will describe why the declaration of independence was written. What lead to the cause for writing such a document. The leaders who wrote the declaration. And what the colony was going through for it to lead to the circumstances. One w ill look at how England was treating the colonies that made them want to be theirRead MoreInfluence Of The Declaration Of Independence711 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Influence of the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, influenced the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights which was later written by James Madison in 1787. The purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to declare independence from England and outline what rights they wanted and why they should have them because their voices and opinions were not being heard. The goal for the US Constitution was to ensure that the new governmentRead MoreGettysburg Address Versus Declaration of Independence Essay1472 Words à |à 6 PagesLincolnââ¬â¢s Address Versus Jeffersonââ¬â¢s Declaration Two of the most important, and, perhaps the two most important documents in American history are the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address. The Declaration of Independence, the document of secession written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, called for the complete independence of the states from the British Empire. The Gettysburg Address was a document on the theory of union that stressed the need for one united country and expressedRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence and the American Ethos Essay examples1325 Words à |à 6 Pagesprovide a government that allows the citizens to dictate how they are governed and the peopleââ¬â¢s opinions are always appreciated. This new government would need to be implemented and a set of ethics would need to be created. This land I am talking about is now considered the United States of America and its foundation for its ethics is the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, is a document that the majority of Americanââ¬â¢s know about. It is taughtRead MorePolitics And The English Language1488 Words à |à 6 Pagesstandard, many famous speeches or articles can be a subject for evaluation. In this case, the Declaration of Independence (US 1776), drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Continental Congress, was to declare a separation from the British Empire. (US org) This article considers to be one of the most famous political document in the American history. In the following paragraphs, the Declaration of Independence will be evaluated by using Orwellââ¬â¢s six rules of writing and will be determined whetherRead MoreComparison Of The American Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence713 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Declaration of Independence was one of the most important document ever written in our US history. This document defined the colonies freedom from Britain. This document defined that the colonists became its own nation, freeing themselves from Britain. The Declaration of Independence was written with the ideology that everyone will live equally and free. Soon after the Declaration of Independence was written, the Constitution was written. the Constitution was written so that there were rules
Thursday, May 14, 2020
The Benefits Of Music Therapy Essay - 1342 Words
The Unbeknownst Benefits of Music Therapy Music therapy, a clinical use of music interventions to accomplish therapeutic goals, involves a broad range of activities including playing an instrument, singing, or listening to music. Similar to occupational and physical therapy, this expressive arts therapy remedies psychological conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or hypertension to maintain the well-being of an individual. Likewise, music has been a therapeutic tool that has shown positive effects to parts of the brain including regions involved in emotion, sensation, movement, and cognition. Although music therapy is a somewhat new-found treatment, it is used prominently today. Administered by a trained therapist, this type of therapy is used in correctional facilities, nursing homes, hospices, and special education schools. Although music therapy is a somewhat modern discovery, its formation was many years in the making. In the early 1800s, the therapeutic value of music appeare d in two medical journals by Edwin Atlee and Samuel Mathews. Both contributors were students of physician and psychiatrist, Dr. Benjamin Rush, a strong advocate of music therapy for medical diseases. However, during the 1800s, the first recorded music therapy intervention in an institutional setting occurred, as well as the first recorded systematic experiment in music therapy. Nonetheless, music therapy was formally instituted in the United States in the 1920s when musicians played forShow MoreRelatedMusic Therapy: What Are the Benefits?1193 Words à |à 5 Pagesalternative is music therapy. Music therapy is used address health issues regarding their physical and emotional health. The therapist meets with a patient to learn about their strengths and weaknesses before creating a customized treatment plan. Some methods of treatment include singing, playing with instruments and listening to music. These methods of treatment in turn help the patients learn different skills that can al so be used to improve their daily lives. Research shows that music therapy has multipleRead MoreBenefits Of Music Therapy On Children Essay1651 Words à |à 7 PagesBenefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Benefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Literature Review Zuleima Haskins ââ¬Æ' Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions of the brain development. (Vries, 2015). The main characteristic of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is that they have difficulties to adapt and interact with other people. Also, individuals with Autism have problems with their development of verbal and nonverbal communicationRead MoreReducing the Aches and Pains of Life with Music Therapy1286 Words à |à 5 PagesTherapeutic use of music is also extremely effective at reducing the everyday aches and pains that humans experience. Slow and methodical music slows the brain waves and helps the muscles in our body to relax, reducing muscle pain (Coleman). A significant amount of todayââ¬â¢s population also experiences depression in some shape way or form and music therapy has been proven to be one of the most successful ways to help patients cope with depression. ââ¬Å"Individual music therapy combined with standardRead MoreMusic Therapy And Its Effects854 Wo rds à |à 4 PagesMusic therapy is not currently a widely recognized option of treatment. If an individual goes to see a healthcare professional nowadays, it would be highly unlikely that that individual would receive a recommendation for music therapy treatment. Yet, music therapy is an established field of medical science that dates back to the time of the ancient Greeks. So, what is music therapy? Music therapy is defined as ââ¬Å"treatment including creating, singing, moving to, and/or listening to musicâ⬠(ââ¬Å"What isRead MoreMusic Therapy Has Been Used For Many Years1629 Words à |à 7 PagesMusic Therapy is a branch of therapy where music is used to benefit individuals. Qualified music therapists work with many different types of people and introduce them to music in order to help them. Individuals must go through schooling to become music therapists. Patients create music, sing, and listen to music. Music therapist are professionally trained and are able to use m usic to help those affected by mental illness, physical pain, and disabilities. Music has many affects on the brain. MusicRead MoreWhy Does Music Move Us?1099 Words à |à 5 Pagesstyles and soothing melodies, but why? A number of recent research studies have shown that music has a unique and profound effect on the brain. In the article, ââ¬Å"Why Does Music Move Us?â⬠, Douglas McClennan claims that, as human beings, we are attracted to music and art for reasons other than entertainment. Researchers have studied the human attraction to music and there appears to be a connection between music and man rooted deep in the brain, but it is unknown as to why the brain responds as suchRead MoreThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism1406 Words à |à 6 Pages There are multiple ways to heal and multiple benefits that come out of healing. One of those healing methods is Music Therapy. Music Therapy has been shown to help many people of all age groups, a specific group being children with autism. It helps benefit children with autism by improving their communication and social skills. Just simply listening to music calms and puts the brain at ease. Music Therapy is beneficial to this specific group because though they may have deficits socially, they showRead MoreDifferent Styles Of Music Therapy828 Words à |à 4 Pages Moreover, music therapy also has many benefits for PTSD, ASD and TBI victims. Music therapy can help PTSD and ASD patients expand their concentration levels. After experiencing a trauma many people have difficulty focusing on different things due to anxiety. Some research has shown that, military patients have done increasingly well on attention span tests (Kaplan). Some forms of music therapy consist of writing lyrics, which can help with expression and depression. Therapists have likewise usedRead MoreIs Music Therapy Beneficial?768 Words à |à 4 PagesTherapy can consist of a vast number of interventions. Some can be as simple as the presence of music. Especially when dealing with patients experiencing bouts of mental illness. This article provides specific insight in regards to whether music throughout therapy is beneficial to those experiencing forms of dementia. According to, Sherrati, Thorton Hatton, p. 13, (2004), ââ¬Å"The use of the term music in this paper refers to a variety of music interventions (eg. listening to music), whereas the termsRead MoreTherapies For Autistic Children.Individuals Take For Granted1678 Words à |à 7 PagesTherapies for Autistic Children Individuals take for granted the luxury of embodying qualities such as communication, interaction, and social and motor skills. Although, individuals may determine the aforementioned skills are more difficult to obtain because of a disability. Autism or autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that effects many children in the United States of America. Communication, interaction, and motor and social skills are usually effected in the autistic child.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Causes Of The Cuban Missile Crisis - 1279 Words
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy said, ââ¬Å"It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization,â⬠(Nuclear Ban Test Treaty). This quote directly describes the overall idea of Cuban Missile Crisis. The ââ¬Å"Thirteen Daysâ⬠of the Cuban Missile Crisis refer to the closest point where the Soviet Union and the United States came to nuclear war. For thirteen days both nations waited in fear, for news if there was about to be an attack. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a dilemma that could have been solved easier if more communication would have been involved. There had been a great amount of conflict leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The conflict beganâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev risked the missile bases for the goal of being in range for a nuclear strike. Khrushchev was apprehensive about the number of nuclear weapons that were targeted at The Soviet Union from countries in Europe and Turkey, so he needed to find away to even out the playing field (Cuban Missile Crisis. History.com). The finding of the missile bases imposed a sense of urgency on the situation. The base unit in Cuba was only ninety miles away from the southern coast of Florida. This information was alarming because the communist were finally capable of reaching the eastern United States. From that moment, President Kennedy knew something that had to be done about the medium-ranged missile sites in Cuba. Both superpowers were aware of the others aggressiveness and assertiveness. This means that once one missile goes off, there w ill be massive havoc; both sides will strike until they are defeated. If a nuclear missile went off, there could have easily been an end to a civilization. President Kennedy immediately formed a group of advisors and officials. Eventually this group was called the executive committee, or the Excom. From the beginning, the executive committee and Kennedy agreed the missiles in Cuba had to go. The Excom had many different choices of ways they could approach the situation. From bombing the missile bases or a full invasion of Cuba, but their ultimatum was to remove the missile bases from Cuba without stirring upShow MoreRelatedCauses of the Cuban Missile Crisis1872 Words à |à 8 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the most pressured filled moments in the history of the United States. Furthermore, the actins that took place that day would have not have just effected the United States and the Soviet Union but the entire war. The U.S. and Soviet Union the resident two superpowers o f the time were on the verge of all out nuclear war. That potential war would have murdered tens of thousands of people within the first couple days. Furthermore, the nuclear fallout from a war ofRead MoreWhat was the cause of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis1495 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe cause of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis? The Cuban missile crisis is considered the closest time the world has ever come to nuclear war. There are many causes that led the world to such confrontation that was ultimately the product of the hostility and secrecy between the nations. As the world sat on the brink of mass destruction, all hope lied with Nikita Khrushchev and President Kennedy coming to a compromise. It is because of this that it is worth analysing the true cause of the crisis, orRead MoreHow Far Was the Dispute over Berlin in the Years 1958 ââ¬â 1961 the Primary Cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?3914 Words à |à 16 Pagesââ¬ËBerlin Crisisââ¬â¢) was one of the main issues between the USA and USSR, and caused a considerable amount of growing tension between the two states. The dispute over Berlin was a continuing issue over who was to occupy Berlin, the capital city of Germany. The city was seen as an important area for both states and led to several conflict issues throughout the time period. It could be argued that this issue and the tension caused by this was the primary reason (or, the main reason) for the Cuban missileRead MoreEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis897 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962, an American spy plane discovered the Soviet nuclear missile bases in Cuba. Castro had turned to the USSR for military assistance in fear of a US attack. It was the sighting of these missile bases that marked the beginning of the Cuban missile crisis. There were many reasons why the Cuban missile crisis came about, and undoubtedly the USSR and Americas history played major roles in the coming about of this incident. The SovietRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The United States1219 Words à |à 5 Pages Dylan Thomas Connolly U.S. History 14 December 2015 The Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962 the U.S. entered a conflict called the Cuban Missile Crisis, which is arguably the closest the U.S. has ever come to nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union resulting from the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was considered the climax of the Cold War, a period lasting from about 1947 to 1991, in which a politicalRead MoreEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis756 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis Between 1959 and 1962 relations between USA and Cuba deteriorated. Up until 1959, America had kept General Batista in power over Cuba and had strong links, especially in trade. Castroââ¬â¢s ascent to power in 1959 triggered the short-term events contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The main cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the cold relationship between the two great superpowers: America and Russia. This hadRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis The World On The Edge Of Its Seat1315 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢re eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinkedâ⬠(Dean Rusk). The Cuban Missile Crisis put the world on the edge of its seat, and was the closest humanity has ever gotten to full-scale nuclear war. Even though the event lasted a mere two weeks (from October 14-24, 1962), it played a significant role in international politics, and its effects can still be seen today. The Cuban Missile Crisis is significant to current international relations because it proved the importance of theRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1323 Words à |à 6 Pagesrights and freedoms. Some wars cause dramatic amounts of deaths, but the Cold War resulted in none. The reason there were no deaths is due to the fact that the Cold War was just that, cold. The conflicts never heated up enough per say to c ause a real war. Though the Cold war itself wasnââ¬â¢t a war fought in battle, there were parts caused by it such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, all of which resulted in deaths. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a major factor in the ColdRead MoreCuban Missile Impact On The World Of The Cold War902 Words à |à 4 PagesCuban Missile War Is Cuban communism the beginning of the Cold War? Could the Cuban Missile Crisis end in the world devastation? According to freedictionary.com, nuclear war is ââ¬Å"war in which nuclear weapons are used by both sides. As generally used, the term assumes major use of nuclear weapons by at least two opposing warring states.â⬠The invasion of Cuba by United States caused by the alliances between Cuba and the Soviet Union brought conflict between those countries. The United State tried toRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1292 Words à |à 6 Pagesinevitable to the world, it was the first time nuclear war was hanging on a thread. The Cuban Missile Crisis presented a threat to the world, in which the USSR planted nuclear missiles on Cuba. Americaââ¬â¢s response was to threaten launching nuclear missiles at the Russians. This incident launched the world into a new time, which presented nuclear weapons as a source of power. The incident of the Cuban Missile Crisis still connects with us today because the power nuclear weapons present, which provides
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Carnival Hosted Buss Elton City Football â⬠Myassignmenthelp.Com
Question: Discuss About The Carnival Hosted Buss Elton City Football? Answer: Introducation The main audience for this newsletter is the various soccer teams and the common people (3rd et al., 2017). The carnival involves the participation of these teams in the carnival, which occurs every year. The dated commencement of the carnival is 23rd and 24 September. Purpose: The main purpose of this newsletter is to get much engagement from the soccer teams interested in this carnival as well as the common people. The newsletter will be sent by email and will be allowed promotion in the various social media sites to get engagement. In addition, the carnival also needs to get funding from these teams to organize a big event in the city. The name of the football club is Busselton City Football Club. The club has announced the commencement of the carnival to be 23rd and 24 September (3rd et al., 2017). The club is also arranging for the preparation of food arrangements for the teams. The newsletter is an effective promotional method, which helps to give a better understanding of the information with the present of pictorial presentation including written communication (Philpott, Liu and She 2014). This creates a general overview among the concerned people to get the idea of participation. As the newsletter is for the soccer clubs and the common people, participation will be expected from them. The newsletter will be promoted for inviting the required audiences. However, to reach out to the specific audiences, the applications of promotional activities will be done. These will include social media activities where the information will be posted in Facebook, YouTube and other big sites (Goodman 2012). The subscribers of the email list in the club will also be mailed to facilitate the communication among them. In addition, various advertising activities will be preferred to reach the desired number of audiences. This will help in acquiring both the teams and the football fans for the carnival. The main requirements of an e-newsletter are the need of certain people with knowledge and the presence of resources. To make a newsletter in digital format, the club should include people with good writing knowledge to create contents (R?descu and Pupezescu 2012). The presence of mail services like mailchimp or aweber is used to send the newsletter to the people by email. In addition, image preparing is also to be integrated in the newsletter so that the letter looks pleasing to the audiences. The people needed for the development are the writers, editors, developers and the mail service providers. The development of the newsletter will be done after careful planning of the resources that are required for the development. The main resources are the skills and the funds. The main outline of the process to be followed includes the analysis of the requirements approval of the process and the development of the process (R?descu and Pupezescu 2012). The main analysis will consider the funds required for gathering the necessary things including the various people. The approval process will includes the reporting to the club about the requirements and asking for the required funds. The development phase of the process will include the making of the newsletter for the intended audiences. References: 3rd, S., 27th, S., 20th, S., 23rd, S., 16th, S. and 9th, S. (2017).Busselton Carnival. [online] Bsncityfc.com.au. Available at: https://www.bsncityfc.com.au/busselton-city-football-club/busselton-carnival.html [Accessed 11 Sep. 2017]. Chips, H. and Parlour, P., 2015. CAN YOU HELP?.City. GLANCE, M.A.A., 2016. SPOTS newsletter. Julian, V., Tahlia, A., Lachlan, P., Beatrice, E., Jacob, G., Gizelle, C., Jayden, M., Jake, E. and Panashe, M., SLETTER. Philpott, S., Liu, X. and She, M., 2014. ALUMNI NEWSLETTER. Dozier, D.M., Grunig, L.A. and Grunig, J.E., 2013.Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. R?descu, R. and Pupezescu, V., 2012, November. The New Mail and Newsletter Modules in the Easy-Learning Platform. InProceedings of The 7th International Conference on Virtual Learning (ICVL-2012)(pp. 360-366). Goodman, G.F., 2012.Engagement marketing: how small business wins in a socially connected world. John Wiley Sons.
Tuesday, April 7, 2020
Caltex in South Africa free essay sample
A South African Investment American oil companies Texaco and SoCal (Caltex) were refining oil in South Africa. They planned to expand their refining capacity. However there was numerous discrimination issues pertaining to the status and treatment of the black citizens. At the time, the South African government maintained an apartheid system of governing their nation. Caltex was under scrutiny by American political parties and its stockholders for the way African workers were treated. Whites ruled South Africaââ¬â¢s apartheid government, blacks could not vote, and had no political rights. They also had little freedom, were forced to live in segregated areas and were paid a low salary compared to whites. They were not allowed to own their own land or homes. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 59). By Caltex doing business in South Africa, their long-term intent was to eventually change the apartheid government to a more equality based one, such as that of the American government. We will write a custom essay sample on Caltex in South Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From a business standpoint, the benefits of Caltex being in South Africa outweighed the issues of violating human rights and moral ethics. Caltex assumed that if they pulled out of South Africa it would be a detriment to the African government and economy. By Caltex doing business there, they offered jobs to the poor and needy, they would also increase the economic and political growth. Even though the African government was harsh and unfair to the black people, Caltex presumed they would influence them in a positive way. If Caltex were to pull out of South Africa the effects would be more detrimental to the government and people. The poor and middle-class would no longer have jobs and the blacks would be forced to live on the streets rather than the segregated communities they currently lived in. Caltex claimed they complied with the Code of Conduct established by Reverend Dr. Leon Sullivan. The code incorporated six principles that corporations were to abide by. The principles were based on equality and fairness for all workers, non-segregation for all races and equal pay for equal work. The principles also included training and education that would provide promotions of blacks and non-whites into supervisory and secretarial positions. By improving and educating the people, the improvement of their lives would be exponentially greater. (Smith 1977 pg. 59-60) Caltexââ¬â¢s decision to stay in South Africa was fueled by its desire to influence and ultimately change the racist government. They lead by example by applying the six principles to their own corporation. Caltex hired black workers and valued the relationships they had established with them. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 58). They also emphasized the care of all races. This act is known as ââ¬Å"ethics of careâ⬠and being concerned for the well being of others. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 60). If Caltex were to pull their business out of South Africa the blacks would be the affected the most. Therefore Caltex strived to convince the South African government and stockholders of the benefits of doing business there. As a stockholder an individual could assume that (1) Caltex should in fact leave South Africa due to the injustices and inequality of the citizens. Caltex treated their workers fairly, however they had no control over the way the government treated the blacks when they were not working. Oftentimes they were imprisoned and killed for a variety of reasons. (2) Although Caltex played a role in liberating the citizens of South Africa, they also played a monetary role in supporting the government by selling oil to the African government and military. This in turn supported the utilitarian apartheid system of governing the citizens. (3) Asking Caltex to support the Tutu rules does not resolve the issue of the government. Caltex provided jobs and equal pay however after hours the police and government subjected the blacks to abuse. According to Tutuââ¬â¢s beliefs the racist regime of the South African Government needed to be eradicated other wise companies are just ââ¬Å"Attempting to polish my chains and make them more comfortable. â⬠(Velasquez 2006 pg. 59). Caltex helped the blacks to have better working conditions, pay and housing. However the apartheid government had the ultimate control. The importance of American companies doing business in South Africa grew. Attempts at resolving issues between citizens, government, companies and shareholders grew. Several resolutions were proposed however some were defeated. Stockholders of Caltex defended the principal of equal liberty ââ¬Å"The claim that each citizenââ¬â¢s liberties must be protected from invasion by others and must be equal to those of others. â⬠(Velasquez 2006 pg. 96). Caltex provided wealth to South Africa and its citizens however when the situation turned for the worse they should have withdrew their business. They helped the country and the government in a monetary way, which in turn helped and also hindered its citizens. Caltex used the difference principal in the claim that a productive society will incorporate inequalities, by improving the most needy members of society, which were the blacks. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 97). The resolution indicated that the South African government was to take action of dismantling the apartheid and the influx of control laws. When this did not take place, the American companies were to start the process of withdrawing their business from South Africa. Several attempts to rectify the issues went unresolved. Even though there was a high vote from shareholders the problems worsened. Companies are not solely responsible for a high return on investorsââ¬â¢ money. Although they want the best for their clients they do not control nor time the markets. Managers constantly have to make choices between comparative alternatives and the governing of state and federal laws. Their purpose is to make money for their clients and for the business. Often times they have to choose the best rate of return for the stockholder. The rate of return is the ratio of money gained or lost on an investment. This determines how well a stock is doing and if shareholders want to either buy more stock or sell. Managers are required by law to document and monitor their investment process. All mangers must comply with SEC regulations, investment policies and guidelines. They are also obligated to comply with bank policies and private companies.
Monday, March 9, 2020
The construct of the western democratic moral.
The construct of the western democratic moral. BackgroundThis briefing paper will focus on the works of Stephen Lukes, Susan Wolf, and Sir I. Berln to examine their arguments on moral conflict. Therefore for Lukes, moral conflict can not be separated from making sense of them as it could be due to ignorance or error of the social pathology . While, Wolf argues that the plurality of values or principles that are relevant to moral judgment are grounded in either relativism or subjectivism or a combination of both . She further questions whether pluralism is actually an appropriate paradigm for dealing with moral conflicts, given that some conflicts just can be resolved within the paradigm, such as Indigenous claims for real justice for the stolen generations. Similarly, Berln argues that for moral conflict to be just it should be premised on the sacrifice of individuals for the freedom of society . Therefore each academic is able to facilitate a debate about moral conflict by focuses on either the power behind the moral conflict, t he individual and community thought processes and natural rights discourse.Wolf!These methodologies highlight that moral disagreement is inevitable in western societies as the multitude of beliefs and values results in injustice.Stephen LukesFor Lukes there is no real moral conflict, only 'merely apparent conflict - of ignorance or error, or of individual or social pathology' . Therefore his article 'Making Sense of moral conflict' gives an account of moral disagreement that shows that it is constructed by individuals through lack of experience and feelings with the issue at hand. Moreover, Lukes believes that utilitarian principles win out over any other when sorting out moral disagreements on a large or visible political scale. Furthermore, Lukes criticises relativist arguments by declaring that relativism fails to take claims seriously by denying their applicability beyond cultural...
Friday, February 21, 2020
Research on Occupy Movement Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
On Occupy Movement - Research Paper Example Almost in every country of the world, inequality is a common issue and except the extreme top level of the system every other person is somehow related to the problem. As the rate of the suffering reached the highest point, the people who are the victims of the system decided to come out of the border and stand together for the same novel cause, and the name of this movement is Occupy Movement. The name itself describes the motto of the movement. The people have come together to protest against the inequality in the economy and the society. The protest is all about the unfairness to the various levels of people in the country or in the world. Discrimination, ignorance, avoidance, and inequality in the power and authority have created the two different categories that are rich and poor. The main reasons behind the protest are the inequality in the income and the ever increasing corruption. The large corporations and banks in Wall Street and the higher political entities who are the 1% of the population are enjoying the wealth of the world and also earning much higher than the rest 99%. Basically, the 99% is compromising in their living standard, their education, their employment and the 1% is relishing the outcome of the compromise. Once the movement has started it should reach a pleasurable and a fruitful end and the outcome of this protest should spread all over the world to erase the inequality forever (Appleby, ââ¬Å"The Wealth Divideâ⬠). Thesis Statement Inequality in the system of a country majorly affects the education, employment, culture, and society. The people of the world are not getting enough return on the world economy or revenue in spite of paying adequate taxes to the government and the protestors at last became conscious about the issue and they came to the streets. The movement can either be a pathfinder for the victims of corruption and inequality, where they can join and fight for their rights or it can be neglected by the government a s they have the supreme power which is yet not in the hand of the 99% (University of South Florida, ââ¬Å"Professors Dissect "Occupy Movement"â⬠). Discussion and Argument Almost in every other country in the present world the middle and lower middle class families, groups, students, employees and any other general people are suffering from a common reason, that is inequality in the economy and the society. Being a part of the country and the economy of the country, every people have to pay a certain amount of tax to the government, which depends upon the income of the people. But the major problem is in spite of paying such taxes the people are not being facilitated enough. Most of the worldââ¬â¢s wealth and revenue is enjoyed by the higher level of the country who comes under the 1% of the population, and the rest 99% has to suffer for that, by paying donations to the schools for their children, by paying bribe to get a deserved job and by paying extra money to buy a prope rty among others. The government is not being fair to the people as promised (Hertzberg, ââ¬Å"Occupational Hazardsâ⬠). Every people in the world have certain Human Rights Acts, which support people to have their own say and to stand against the corruption and the unfairness towards them. And the people of the
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Evaluate the implications for the maritime component of the likely Essay
Evaluate the implications for the maritime component of the likely characteristics of future conflict - Essay Example The Cold War was precipitated by the bipolarity that prevailed during the rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union for influence and power. In studying the causes for these major conflicts, one will see their marked differences. Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall have argued that any theories about war must reject that it is constant or at least must be modified to include many variables that explain observed variation.1 In talking about future war, it is, hence, difficult to predict. But history, after numerous wars, and the current military, political and economic trends have equipped us with enough knowledge to understand what will characterize the future conflicts and how they will affect the their components today onwards. The significance of this kind of analysis and discourse is that, as we sufficiently understand the political, economic and social circumstances that lie behind the decisions for violent actions, we are in a better position not just to be ready but also to utilize the knowledge for use in conflict prevention. More importantly, it underscores the reality that war remains primarily a tool of politics in the hands of willful leaders. For this paper, I will explore several variables of future conflict that is affecting and will affect the maritime forces including: the actors in conflict both state and non-state entities; the nature of future war; inter-state warfare; the changing nature of future threat; the changing roles and missions that future conflict may require of maritime forces; the effect of the new roles and responsibilities that are required by future conflict on maritime forces; and, how the asymmetric warfare looks like at sea. The numerous wars that the world has seen have different characteristics in regard to scale, period, casualties, among other characteristics. It varies in form (interstate, intrastate), regional concentration, frequency, intensity, and other
Tuesday, January 28, 2020
The concept of technical and allocative efficiency
The concept of technical and allocative efficiency Technical Efficiency- Basic Concept The term Technical Efficiency was first used by M. J. Farrell in 1957 in his seminal paper and differentiated and disaggregated economic efficiency into two components i.e. technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. Coelli et al. (1999) define technical efficiency as the maximum achievable output from a given set of inputs and existing technology (Coelli, Rao, Battese, 1999). It has been also defined as the ratio of actual output and potential output of a farm unit i.e. In this sense TE refers to the manner in which the inputs or production resources are used. By this definition it is more closely associated with the techniques of framing or understanding of technology and deals with the behavior of how to produce an optimal level of production regardless of input-output price ratio. Hence, technical efficiency is also equivalent to Agronomic Efficiency. The concept of technical and allocative efficiency can be explained by the help of Figure 2.1 illustrated by Kalirajan and Shand (1999). Theoretically, we assume that all units of production (firm or land) operate at potential frontier production function i.e. the points along the curve FF. Any level of inefficiency with respect to this production function will be purely allocative. The reason may be that the producer has no income to buy inputs or is not willing to spend more for the marginal amount of inputs. Now suppose if the firm operates at point B by using I1 inputs and getting Y1 output. At this point the firm is both technically and allocatively efficient with a maximum profit of à â⠬1. When the firm operates at Point-A with I2 level of inputs producing Y2 output points, earning à â⠬2 amount of profit. At this point the firm is technically efficient as it is operating at FF but it is inefficient allocatively. It can improve its profit by à â⠬2/à â⠬1 amount. But on real grounds, the units of production operate at less than the level of its potential frontier. The reasons are differe nt technical, socio-economic, bio-physical, organizational and other unknown factors (Ahmed et al., 2002; Ajibefun, 2008; Ozkan et al. (2009)). Thus the firm operates at its actual production function AA below the potential frontier FF. Let us suppose it operates at point C with I2 amount of inputs and producing Y3 yield and earning à â⠬3 profits. At this point the firm is neither technically nor allocatively efficient. It could maximize its profit to à â⠬4 levels by operating at point D utilizing I3 inputs and producing Y4 outputs. But on real grounds, the units of production operate at less than the level of its potential frontier. The reasons are different technical, socio-economic, bio-physical, organizational and other unknown factors ( Ahmed et al., 2002; Ajibefun, 2008; Ozkan et al. 2009). Thus the firm operates at its actual production function AA below the potential frontier FF. Let us suppose it operates at point C with I2 amount of inputs and producing Y3 yield and earning à â⠬3 profits. At this point the firm is neither technically nor allocatively efficient. It could maximize its profit to à â⠬4 levels by operating at point D utilizing I3 inputs and producing Y4 outputs. Thus it is quite clear from Figure 2.1 that economic inefficiency is composed of two components of technical and allocative inefficiency. The total loss of the firm in profit terms operating at point C is à â⠬1-à â⠬3. Within this loss, à â⠬3-à â⠬2 and à â⠬1-à â⠬2 are the technical and allocative inefficiency losses respectively. The efficiency scenarios in these models explain three reasons of farmers attributes as discussed by Ellis (1988); Farmers desire to maximize profit with less input levels given by yield gap (Y0 Y3). Such behavior is referred as profit maximization behavior. Second reason may be the lack of correct allocation of inputs given by (Y3 Y2), and Farmers failure of operating in the most efficient production function (Y3 Y3). This gap represents technical inefficiency level, and Farmers behavior to reduce his risk instead of maximizing profit. . . . Technical Efficiency- History / Evolution Farrell (1957) is known as the pioneer of efficiency literature when the frontier production model developed by him, in one of his seminal papers, decomposed economic efficiency into two components; i.e. technical and allocative efficiency. He defined TE as the ability of a firm to produce maximum output given a set of inputs under existing technology. Stated differently, technical inefficiency is the failure of attaining the maximum possible level of production given existing resources and technology (Bravo-Ureta Pinheiro, 1993). The adoption of new technologies after green revolution for enhancing farm output has acknowledged special attention as a means to accelerate agriculture development after Schultzs hypothesis that conventional agriculture was fully efficient (Schultz, 1964). The growth performance is not only determined by such technological innovations but also by the efficient management and utilization of such technologies. The importance of efficiency measures as a me ans of nurturing productivity a considerable amount of literature is found focusing on agriculture (Bravo-Ureta Pinheiro, 1993). The efficiency analysis of units of agriculture inputs (land, labour, fertilizer etc.) has always been the focus of a number of studies since early 1960s. Most of the studies have supported Schultzs efficient but poor hypothesis. Theodore Shultz stated this hypothesis in 1964 that The traditional agriculture is fully efficient in the allocation of inputs under an existing technology. The combination of crops being grown, the depth and number of cultivation, time of planting, fertilizing, watering and harvesting, the combination of tools, draft animals and equipment are all made with a fine regard for marginal costs. (Schultz, 1964) Sahota (1968) based on his and many others have supported Schultzs hypothesis in their empirical works. Based on his study in Indian agriculture, Sahota (1968) concludes that the bulk of the evidences appear to support the hypothesis that the resources available to conventional Indian farmers have been, by and large, efficiently allocated (Sahota, 1968). A large number of frontier models were developed based on Farrells work which was than classified into parametric and non-parametric types. Aigner Chu (1968) were the initiators of deterministic parametric approach. They estimated a deterministic production frontier of a Cobb-Douglas type through linear and quadratic programming techniques. Timmer (1971) further developed this procedure by introducing a probabilistic production frontier model. He estimated a series of production frontiers by dropping extreme observations at each stage until the rate of change of parameter estimates stabilizes. These estimators had undefined statistical properties. Another class of frontier models was proposed by Afriat in 1972 known as statistical production frontiers. According to Afriats (1972) model, technical efficiency is a one-sided disturbance term with some explicit assumptions and frontier is estimated by method of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). On the other hand if the disturbances are based on no a-priori assumptions, then corrected least squares (COLS) method is used to estimate the production frontier by just shifting the frontier upwards covering all negative disturbance terms. In 1977, Aigner et al. (Aigner, Lovell, Schmidt, 1977), and Meeusen and Broeck (1977) independently developed stochastic frontier production model in which the error term was decomposed into two components. A one-sided positive component reflecting inefficiency and a two-sided error component covering measurement errors and the random effects, which are not in control of the producer. Under this model the frontier could be could be estimated either by COLS or MLE. But in 1980, Greene found that the MLE are more efficient than COLS as the former method makes use of special statistical distributions for the disturbance terms e.g. exponential, half-normal or gamma distribution (Greene, 1980). Another mathematical programming method was developed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) in 1978 which was a generalized form of Farrells (1957) method in terms of multi-input and multi-output vectors. Their method is well known as Data Envelopment Analysis or DEA. But their approach of measuring efficiency confounds the true technical efficiency score with uncontrollable noise (Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes, 1978). Further developments in DEA were incorporated by Varian in 1985. He brought improvements in DEA by treating the deviations as having stochastic characteristics and split them into two components of technical efficiency and random noise (Varian, 1985). The Free Disposal Hull (FDH) model, introduced by Deprins et al. (1984), was originally designed as an alternate to DEA models. In FDH approach only strong (free) disposability of inputs and outputs is assumed by relaxing the convexity assumptions of DEA models. FDH models were initially treated as DEA models under variable returns to scale (VRS). The FDH models are traditionally represented as mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problems. Further extensions in production frontier estimation are multi-equation models based on production, utility, cost or profit function specifications. Such extensions include the work of Kumbhakar (1987); Battese, Coelli and Colby (1989). In the decade of 1990s, the literature on TE expanded with the growing use of Z-variables in the application of Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA). Previously, researchers used auxiliary or two-step regression on a set of socioeconomic, institutional and policy variables, so-called Z-variates to observe the effect of such variables on TE scores. A new method proposed by Wang and Schmidt allows a one-step procedure for calculation of TE and inspect effects of such Z-variables (Wang Schmidt, 2002). Kalirajan and Obwona (1994) suggested another approach for modeling production behavior and technical efficiency of any production unit, known as Stochastic Varying Coefficient Frontier Approach or SVFA. Under this method, like DEA, the potential output is estimated by allowing TE to vary by each individual input. Thus it makes comparison between firms performances easier in a sample of firms. It also facilitates to identify a benchmark of an excellent performing firm in terms of best practice in a sample (Kalirajan Shand, 1999). A recent approach, different from other sampling theory models, is Bayesian Approach (BA). The approach treats the uncertainty concerning which sampling method to use by mixing over a number of competing a-priori inefficiency distributions with a-posteriori model probabilities as weights. This approach overcomes the criticism of imposing a-priori distributions on disturbance term as in SFA. But in Bayesian Approach, like SFA, the potential output to estimate TE varies over all inputs taken together. It also differentiates random effects and fixed effects issue for panel data (Kalirajan Shand, 1999). Developmetns are being made on the methods to make them more, efficient, flexible, easily computable and more policy oriented. Especially Bayesian and FDH approaches need more modifications and specifications. Efficiency Studies in Developing Countries Agriculture and Associated Factors Here we cite some literature on efficiency estimates in agriculture sector of some developing countries with our main focus being on Pakistan. The findings regarding average efficiency scores and their relationship between different factors are summarized in the following paragraphs. Shapiro (1983) examined TE of Tanzanian cotton farmers using a Cobb-Douglas production frontier. His findings yielded an average TE of 66 percent leading rejection of Schultzs (1964) hypothesis. Balbase and Grabowski (1985) invested TE in Nepalese agriculture. His findings yielded 84 percent and 67 percent TE scores for rice and maize farms respectively. His analysis showed that nutrient levels, farmers education and income were significant factors influencing TE. Kalirajan and Shand (1985) examined TE of paddy farms in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Their study proved non-formal education as significant positive factor in enhancing efficiency levels of farmers. Ali and Flinn (1989) have used a modified trans-log stochastic profit frontier to investigate profit efficiency of Basmati rice farms in Pakistan. They identify education, credit, late application of fertilizer and water shortage as key factors in profit losses. Ali and Chaudhary (1990) estimated efficiency for 220 farmers in Pakistani Punjab. According to his findings the average technical, allocative and economic efficiency were 84%, 61% and 51% respectively. Hussain (1991) analyzed efficiency in Punjab province of Pakistan. His results showed a TE score ranging from 80 percent for rice region and 87 percent for sugarcane region. Bravo-Ureta and Evenson (1994) analyzed efficiency for 101 cassava and 87 cotton farmers from Eastern Paraguay. His findings showed 58%, 70% and 41% technical, allocative and economic efficiency scores respectively for cotton farmers. Whereas the corresponding figure for cassava growers were 59%, 89% and 52% respectively. His results evidenced farmers age, education, farm size, extension contacts and credit availability as significant factors influencing efficiency level of farmers. Another study conducted by Ali, Parikh and Shah (1994) in NWF province of Pakistan by using both behavioral and stochastic cost frontier functions. Among socioeconomic variables, farmers age, farm size, land fragmentation and subsistency were showing significant influence on inefficiency levels. Ahmed et al. (2002) have analyzed TE of wheat growers in three provinces of Pakistan using a stochastic frontier production approach. The results yielded on average 32 percent losses due to technical inefficiency. The variables of age, education, extension services, farm to market distance, farm size, and credit availability had significant influence on efficiency levels of farmers in the provinces. He also found that wheat farmers in Punjab were technically more efficient (70%) than their counterparts in Sindh (66%) and NWFP (63%). Tenants were technically more efficient than the owners and owner-cum-tenants. Dhungana et al. (2004) have used Data Envelopment Analysis approach to examine efficiency of Nepalese rice Farmers. The results revealed that 76, 87 and 66 percent technical, allocative and economic efficiency levels were achieved by farmers. The factors contributing in inefficiency were excessive use of input resources, farmers level of risk attitude, managers age and gender, education and family labour endowment. Hassan and Ahmed (2005) examined TE of wheat growers in a mixed farming system of Punjab province in Pakistan using a C-D production function. The mean TE was recorded about 94 percent. The key influencing factors of efficiency were education, timely cultivation of crops, credit availability, sowing patterns and water availability. Bashir and Khan (2005) have conducted an efficiency analysis of 200 wheat farms in Northern region of Pakistan. They found high variation in yields of sample farms showing an average allocative efficiency of 72 percent in the study area. Farmers awareness, education level, farm size and level of fertilizer used were significant factors depriving farmers to achieve their optimum level of profits. Lambarraa et al. (2006) examined TE and productivity growth in the Spanish Olive sector. They found that farmers age, farm location; tenure regimes of land and organic nature of farming techniques affect significantly the level of efficiency. Mari and Lohano (2007) have analyzed TE of onion, tomato and chili farms in Sindh province of Pakistan. The mean TE was found to be 83 percent, 74 percent and 59 percent for chili, tomato and onion farms respectively. A detailed study on TE of Russian agriculture has been conducted by Brock et al. (2007). They found interesting results under three organizational farming regime; i.e. peasant farming, large corporate farming and household plots. The TE rankings were highest for household plots (81%) followed by corporate farms (74%) and peasant farms (70%). The peasant farms were least efficient. Analyzing efficiency of Nigerian food crops, Ajibefun (2008) has applied both SFA and DEA approach. He found only slight variation in average TE computed by both methods, i.e. 68 percent by SFA and 65 percent by DEA. Significant influencing factors were farmers age and education level. Kilic et al. (2009) have investigated TE of hazelnut production in Samson province of Turkey. Their study showed an average efficiency of 73.5 percent. Farmers education level and farm fragmentation were found as significant factor determining TE. A very recent work by Monchuk et al. (2010) on TE in Chinas agriculture reveals that heavy industrialization and large percentage of rural labour force in agriculture sector tend to reduce TE. He suggests that air and water pollution have negative effects on agriculture production; and growth of non-primary agriculture may lead to efficient use of labour resources. Factors Affecting Technical Efficiency There are various socioeconomic, infrastructural, institutional and policy factors that tend to influence technical efficiency of farmers, thereby depriving them from achieving a potential output from their available resources. Identification and probable solutions of such factors had been the focus of researchers and policy makers through decades. A summary table of the work of different researchers showing TE of different crops and significant factors affecting level of TE is given in Table 2.1 Yield Gap Yield gap is the difference between the yields of the experimental station by researchers and yield from farmers plot. According to Gomez (1977), yield gap appears in two ways (see Figure 2.2); The yield gap between maximum yield of research station and potential farm yield. This gap emerges into the system due to the environmental factors (climate, rainfall, humidity, sunlight etc) and non-transferable technology to farmers fields from the research station. Second type of yield gap is the difference between potential farm yields to that of the actual farm yield gained by the farmer. This difference arises from the different biological and socio-economic factors. This study of these gaps is particularly important in the context of research and arises some questions that whether the research methodologies, technologies, environment, equipments and capital costs utilized at research station are appropriate to farmers field conditions? Whether the recommended technology is complete? Whether this can address or takes into consideration the less favorable socioeconomic, bio-physical and environmental conditions of rain-fed and resource-poor marginalized farmers (Dahal, 1996)? The process of estimating technical efficiency gaps should be taken in a systematic and realistic way. It is necessary to consider the farmers specific farm trials rather than the trials conducted at the research stations. Role of Marketing in Rural Economy Farmers consider themselves as price takers and think that they have no control over prices and are bound to accept whatever the price is offered. They do not know how to capture new markets nor how market demand and buyers preferences are changing and which products are to grow to gain more profit from their produce. Farmers generally have knowledge and skills in agriculture production techniques but marketing needs new skills, techniques and sources of information. Farmers armed with newest business and marketing skills will have better profit margins (Dixie, 2005). Rural businesses include input suppliers, product buyers, transporters, storage companies, processing companies and wholesalers. These intermediaries are often believed to exploit farmers and making unfair profits. Although they try to maximize their profit yet it is to accept that without these intermediaries farmers would not be able to link with input and output markets and neither they would be able to sell their produce. Role of Marketing in Consumer welfare As farmers desire is to receive higher prices, consumers desire to pay lower prices. Farmers want to be paid as much share of consumer price as possible. These two conflicting goals balance when there is an efficient and low-cost marketing chain. Consumers preferences are constantly developing particularly in the case of horticulture crops. They need a marketing system that can respond to their changing demands and tastes. The marketing system should supply the volumes, variety and quality products that consumers demand. Fruits Marketing System in Pakistan (Aujla et al) Marketing includes a series of inter-connected activities involved in the flow of products and services from the point of production to the point of consumption at a profit. An efficient marketing system guarantees sustained agricultural growth as it affects both producers income and consumers welfare (Aujla, Abbas, Mahmood, Saadullah, 2007). The marketing of fruits in the Pakistan is supply based. Once a producer brings his produce to the market, the prices are decided by large traders at the spot such that he is bound to accept the prevailing prices. Most of the times the producers have to dispose off their commodities at throwaway prices (Hanif, Khan, Nauman, 2004). Several factors influence the efficiency of fruit marketing that include high perishability, seasonality, low quality, uneven prices and location of the products, the physical handling of produce and the institutional arrangements for facilitating these activities. The existing marketing system in Pakistan consists of assembly, wholesale and terminal markets, which are briefly discussed below: Assembly Markets Assembly markets are situated close to horticulture farm gate, generally situated in small towns or sub-districts, where farmers bring their major portion of marketable surplus for sale to the shopkeepers, traders and retailers present in these markets. Most of the transactions in assembly markets involve small quantities of produce. Traders in assembly markets are not approved by any government agency, although in some cases town committees charge an entry fee from traders. Usually, these traders maintain no systematic record of transactions. The price formation is simple and based on direct negotiation between the traders and the farmers. Because the quantities involve small bulks the farmers may not mind small price differentials. Wholesale Markets Wholesale markets are essential components of any marketing system, especially for horticulture crops because these markets provide farmers effective and profitable marketing outlets for their products. Adequately located, sized and managed wholesale markets serve as a basic instrument for promoting competition and help to improve consumers health and food quality control (FAO, 2001). Wholesale markets in Pakistan are usually located in a district town or a major sub-division town. These markets are the main assembly centers for the fruit and vegetable surplus of surrounding areas. These markets have better transportation, storage, communication and working conditions than those in the assembly markets. The example of wholesale market in Balochistan is that of Quetta, where the surplus fruit produce of nearby districts are supplied. Wholesale markets have permanent auction floors and offices built by traders (commission agent) who hold an official permit for their activities. Each trader has sufficient space in the market to store produce for a few days or for longer periods at a nominal charge. Traders keep records of their daily transactions and report them to the Market Committee. Market participants in wholesale markets including commission agents, wholesalers, retailers, shopkeepers and weighing men are also registered and licensed by Market Committees. Intro duction of these measures have resulted in some improvements in these markets. Commission agents in wholesale market, charged 8 to 10 percent commission on the sale revenue (Hussain Abid, 2005). The major players in the wholesale market are commission agents, wholesalers, retailers and shopkeepers. Terminal Markets Terminal markets are generally situated in large urban centers. Most of the marketable surplus of agricultural commodities is ultimately routed to these markets. The Karachi market is one of the best examples of this kind of market in Pakistan. Foreign trade is another reason for the flow of the marketable surplus to this market. Traders in terminal markets are usually wholesalers who supply agricultural products to firms, industries and exporters. The majority of traders are buying agents, who buy from other wholesale markets through their agents or directly when the produce is brought there from other regions. This market is well equipped with traders who are well established and mostly depending on supplies from growers and other wholesale markets. They have access to all modern facilities for approaching their agents in lower level markets. Many traders have their own trucking companies. Telephone and telegraph services are easily available for them. Fruit Marketing Channels in Pakistan Khushk and Smith 1996 Khushk and Smith (1996) have done a nice and detailed study of fruit marketing channels in Pakistan by concentrating particularly on mango production in Sindh province. According to them, agricultural marketing channels refer to the outlets or routes through which commodities pass to reach final consumers. As produce moves along the marketing chain, its price increases because of opportunity cost incurred by each intermediary (Dixie, 2005). The existing fruit marketing channels in Pakistan by à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. are presented in Figure . . . . . Figure 2.3 Marketing Channels for Fruits in Pakistan The marketing channels functionaries common in the country are; Producer The fruit growing farmers are dispersed geographically in the country. Majority of producer sell the harvesting rights of their orchards to contractors at the flowering or in hanging fruits stage because they do not want to be involved in marketing complications. Also the farmers do not do not want to take the risk of price and income variation due to perishability, quality damage, and price seasonality. In addition, Khushk and Smith (1996) found another important reason reported by farmers is the lack of knowledge of marketing. commission agents are biased towards farmers than contractors and do not want to transfer market price information to farmers or provide them other facilities, like informal credits, transportation or information access at the market-place. By this way commission agents control the supply, demand and prices of market (Khushk Smith, 1996; Ali, 2004; Aujla, Abbas, Mahmood, Saadullah, 2007). Contractor The contractor plays a main role in the marketing of fruits. He has close contacts with commission agents in the wholesale and terminal markets. While contracting an orchard, the contractor estimates its yield and considers the expected costs to be incurred for supervision, labour, transportation, and marketing. Khushk and Smith (1996) report that more than 95 percent of mango contractors in Sindh province of Pakistan obtained loans from commission agents to pay the initial installments to the mango farmers and to pay an advance for labour and packing material. Once a contractor receives loan from commission agent, he is obliged to supply the produce to that commission agent. Commission Agent Commission agents act as a link between contractors in the field and wholesalers or retailers at wholesale market. They usually have their own transport companies and have offices and staff at wholesale markets of big cities, equipped with all communication facilities. They maintain contacts with market committees, market associations, wholesalers and retailers and influence the prices in fruit markets of Pakistan (Ali, 2004). Wholesaler Wholesalers perform their business in wholesale or terminal markets of the country. They do business with large quantities of farm products and deal in several commodities like vegetables, fruits and other agricultural produce within interregional markets and also supply produce to processing industries, exporters, and retailers according to their demand. They maintain contacts with commission agents in wholesale markets and retailers in the local area. Wholesaler usually purchase fruit from the commission agents at open auction and sell in smaller quantities to the retailers and consumers. They mostly buy from the commission agents on a credit basis, and about one week after selling that quantity, they pay the commission agents. Some wholesalers also act as commission agents (Khushk Smith, 1996; Ali, 2004; Zulfiqar, Khan, Bashir, 2005). Retailer Market activities come to end with the retailers. They buy and sell small quantities according to the demand of consumers in the area. A small number of fruit retailers occupy small shops in the main fruit markets or in the town. Moreover, a number of retailers are found standing at focal places of a town, particularly railway stations, bus stands, vicinity of courts, schools, and hospitals. Among fruit retailers there is a high degree of competition. Retailers buy fruit from the wholesalers on a 24-48 hour credit basis (Khushk Smith, 1996; Ali, 2004; Zulfiqar, Khan, Bashir, 2005). Importance of Market functionaries / Intermediaries Although a heavy literature is found on exploitative behavior of market intermediaries towards agriculture producers, especially in developing countries such as Pandit et al. (2005) Aujla et al. (2007), Khushk and Smith (1996) and many others, yet their role cannot be ignored (Dixie, 2005). It is often mis-understood how important traders are in taking agriculture produce from farm to the market. Their importance becomes more critical in case of fruits which are highly perishable in nature and need quick supply. The more dynamic the fruit trading sector leads greater competition among traders and greater volumes of produce taken out of rural farm lands resulting, ultimately, high income returns to the farming community. Farmers Selling directly to consumers does mean higher profits but also greater risks. Market traders accept that risk such as non-payments, price decrease and marketing and handling losses (Khushk Smith, 1996). Therefore the intermediaries should be encouraged, not criticized (Dixie, 2005; Pokhrel, 2005). Marketing Margin Analysis Marketing margins or farm-to-retail price spread are some functions of differences between farm-gate prices and retail prices, intended to measure the opportunity cost of providing marketing services including buying, grading, packing, transporting, storage, and processing (Khushk Smith, 1996; Wohlgenant, 2001). The prices paid to the rural sellers at farm-gate are much lower. But as the product moves along the production-marketing chain, its price increases such that the retailers achieve the highest price (see Figure 2.3). The farm-to-retail price spread of fruits in Pakistan is con
Monday, January 20, 2020
Elder abuse Essay -- Health Care
Elder Abuse Elder abuse has been present in our society in the past times; however, it has been the hidden problem and under recognized by our community. It is really challenging for people to understand the severity of this problem unless one encountered it in oneââ¬â¢s life. Society began to really acknowledge this issue because of the cases that have been reported. There are varieties of categories of elder abuse that are reportable to a healthcare provider; however, many cases are still left unreported and elder victims continue to suffer from mistreatment. The seniors that surround us have contributed to our community and to the great things that we now have. These people should be recognized and protected in all areas of life instead of being mistreated and left behind. Elder abuse is a social problem because it violates the ethical principles, standards of practice, and the legislature. In our society we have been taught from a young age to respect our elders and treat them with dignity and respect. Those who should be the most honored end up being one of the most vulnerable populations and a group of people that require special attention and care. These people require skilled nursing care and support from family and friends. Regardless of the abuse, it would lead to the needless suffering, pain, and violations of human rights. Elder abuse violates the principles of ethics; some of them are justice, autonomy, and nonmalificence. When dealing with older adults the caregivers are required to provide a fair treatment. The caregiver who stands in trust relationship to the resident cannot intentionally cause any harm or neglect. For the residents to be treated in a fair way, health providers must appropriately provide care to... ...aveman, B. (2006). Perceptions of elder abuse: voices of professionals and volunteers in Sweden -- an exploratory study. Scandinavian Journal Of Caring Sciences, 20(2), 151-159 American Nurses Association. (November 15, 2010). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. In Nursing World. Retrieved March 30, 2012, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics.pdf. CCERAP. (2011). About Elder Abuse. In Colorado Coalition for Elder Rights and Abuse Prevention. Retrieved March 27, 2012, from http://www.ccerap.org/index.php/about-elder-abuse. National Institute of Justice. (Novembeer 6, 2007). Elder Abuse. In National Institute of Justice. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/elder-abuse/welcome.htm.http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/main_site/pdf/publication/FinalStatistics050331.pdf
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Leadership theory and competency framework Essay
Introduction Leadership is always been interesting topic to be discussed. Given the theories that continue to grow and evolve. There is none of the theories that really can define what is the real meaning of leadership but we agree that the leader must have knowledge, skills on how to analyse the information in order to make appropriate decision. An effective leader is one who is able to read the situation, correct the problem, responsible, willingness to develop the followers, have integrity and good ethics. Effective leadership expected to act within the ethical framework. The ethical framework itself is about what right or wrong and good and bad. The reason why ethical decision becomes so important in the leadership is because business involves in a lot of transactions with people both within and outside the organisation. The purpose of this report is to provide better understanding about effective leadership, decision making and ethical management and how they linked each other both in theori es and practices and how the leaders ensure that every decisions are made within the ethical framework. Ethics . According to Ciulla (1998) Ethics is study about human relationships it is about the role that we play in life on what we should do and what we should be like as human being. Ethics is about right or wrong and good or devil. Ethics is the foundation of leadership. There are four theories in ethics: 1. Virtue ethics. Focused on in individual processes whether their act is expressing good character (moral virtues) or not. 2. Deontological ethics. In deontological perspective, intentions are the morally relevant aspects of an act. As long as the leader acts according to his or her duty on moral principles then the leader acts ethically, regardless of the consequences. In simple words, deontological focus on what is right based on the facts. 3. Ethical growth and learning ethics. Ethical growth and learning ethics also called as the character ethics. According to Covey (1992) the character ethics based on living effectively including things like integrity, courage, fidelity and so on. He believes that human have to go through the necessary stages in their life for their personal growth. Senge (1990), see learning process in each individual are important for the organisation learningà development. 4. Teleological. This theory locates the ethics of the action in its results. Leadership Leadership is the one of the specific type of human relations. There are a lot of thoughts behind the theory of leadership, even those theories still growing from time to time and it stills remain without satisfactory conclusion on that. According to Bolden, The theories of leadership are ranging as follow (Bolden et all.,2003): 1. Great Man theories. These theories based on the idea that leaders are those who are incredible, born with leadership qualities and destined to become a leader. 2. Trait theories. The theories based on the qualities and traits that leaders have. Trait theories often 3. Behavioural theories. These theories are opposite from great man theories. The theories believe that good leaders are made, not born. 4. Situational theories. These theories view leadership as something that is specific into the situations. For example: there are some situations that require the type of autocratic leadership, in other situation participative approach might needed. 5. Contigency theories. These theories focus on particular variables related to the environment to suit the style of the leadership. According to this, successful leadership depends on numbers of variables including leadership style, followerââ¬â¢s quality and the conditions. 6. Participative theories. The theories suggest that ideal leadership style is one that taking input from others. These leaders are more engaging the group members in decision making process. According to Lewin (1939) there are three leadership style in participatory, autocratic, democratic and laissez faire. 7. Management theories or transactional theories These theories focus on the role of organisation and group performance. These theories use rewards and punishment system and most used by the business organisations. 8. Relationship Theories or transformational theories. These theories focus on the connection between the leaders and followers. In this theory, beside focus on the overall performance of the groups, the leader also focusing on each memberââ¬â¢s potential. This theory also often has high ethical and moral standards. Decision Making According to business dictionary, Decision making is process of selecting a choice from the available options. In order to make good decision, someone must be able to predict the result of each option and based on that options, take the best for the particular situation. There are two dominant decision making process models: 1. Rational model Rational model is mechanistic. The foundation of this model is quantitative discipline. It involves a cognitive process where each step follows in a logical order in order to get the best result. Disadvantage of this method is slow process in decision making 2. Bounded rationality Bounded rationality foundation is qualitative approaches. Bounded rationality model recognize that the data that available may or may not be completely valid but decision maker stills allow to make decision based on available data. 1. Toyota Toyota started in 1993 as one of Toyoda automatic divisions. Toyoda Automatic was encouraged to develop Japanese automobile production by Japanese government for supply their domestic vehicles. In 1993, Toyota motor co. became independent and separated from Toyoda automatic. Toyota started to expand in 1960 to other countries began by establishing new research and development facility in Thailand and in 1963, the first Toyota built outside Japan located in Melbourne, Australia. During that decade, Toyota hadà exported one million units which had their presence established worldwide. In 2010 Toyota facing the most critical crisis on their history as one of the biggest car manufacturers in the world. At least 8 million cars were recalled from the market regarding to floor mats and gas peddles that causing uncontrollable acceleration that reported become the cause of accidents and death. This incident costing the company of millions dollars in repair expenses lost in sales and destroy ed the company image for its reputation and of course undermining its credibility. The company also faced some of expensive lawsuits because it accused that Toyota leaders knew about the problems but they held back the information to held recall and in this case the Toyota leaders using ethical growth and learning approach. A lot of organisation experienced crisis incidents that need them to make audience public messages in explanation, apologies, and other efforts to fix their image. The unethical things that resulting in public accusation often can result in harm to shareholders and stakeholders of the organisation and will have negative impact in organisationââ¬â¢s sustainability. Toyota confront by some very clear situational limitation in trying to respond effectively in responding to the allegations and fixing its bad image. The allegations including the causes of the problem is not all clear yet ranging from engineering issue to humanââ¬â¢s error. In reality, some reports suggest that the company do to repair the product are not solving the problems. The toyota also accused on having slow decision making process because they didnt respond to that that problem quickly and decisively. Ideally, the organisation expected to have quickly responsive actions to make positive image in the society because it is indicate that the organisation primary interest is to solving the problems rather that avoid legal problems. Such organisations are likely to be seen as ethical, responsible and decisive. However, the most difficult part that the company confront regarding their CEO. Akio Toyoda, the grandson of the founder. He facing the culture conflict associated with his multinational companyââ¬â¢s nature. In general, Japanese corporate cultures encouraging harmony and try to avoid addressing the problems in public and prefer to manage behind the scenes and the process of their decision making is using consensus model. Consensus model is time consuming process and it will slow organisation inà their respond to the crisis. For some countries this can be seen that company is not decisive. Also in the Japanese organisation culture, they more focus on their leaderââ¬â¢s opinion than publicââ¬â¢s opinion. 2. Trafigura Trafigura is a private company established in 1993 by six partners, Claude Dauphin, Eric de Turckheim, Graham Sharp, Antonio Cometti, Daniel Posen and Mark Crandall. They are focusing on three regional markets, South America for oil and mineral industry, Eastern Europe for metals industry and Africa for oil industry. Currently, the group has 81 offices in 56 countries. The story of ethical issues that faced by Trafigura begun in early 2006 when Trafiguraââ¬â¢s oil trader decided to buy Coker naphtha, a refinery by product from Mexico. They did this to make a quick profit. In between March and June 2006, three loads of 28.000 tonned was received in Texas and transferred to chartered cargo ship, Probo Koala. Dangerous chemicals were used to clean the Coker naphtha and then Trafigura realised that they facing the problem on how to dispose the toxic material safely. In July 2006, Probo Koala arrived in Amsterdam where one of the branch corporate offices is located. The Amsterdam Port Service, a Dutch waste management company agreed to treat and dispose the waste but in the higher price than it was agreed because APS discovered that the slop was much more polluted and requiring special treatment. As the consequences of that problem, the Probo Koala back to the sea and in August 2006, it arrived in Ivory Coast to deliver the waste to local company called Compagnie Tommy. Tommy then was illegally dumped the waste without treating it across Abidjan. The weeks after, thousands were sick and at least 10 death reported. Trafigura reached out of court agreement with Ivorian government by paying $ 198 million for cleaning up and helping the victims. Here we can see that the company using teleological approach in handling the problem. However, they denied that what they did is wrong and refused to accept any legal liabilities for that incident. The way Trafigura handled the crisis criticized by corporate responsibility observer. They said it was clearly messed up because when facing the problem, company ideally needs to find the facts quickly,à disclose them quickly and involve those who can reduce the problem and work with affected community in order to clean up the damage. In contrast, Trafigura, held everything privately and in the company like this they donââ¬â¢t have the same transparency and ethical requirements that a publicly company has. By looking for those examples, we realised that the need for ethics in leadership become obvious. Ethics influenced the leader in their leadership and decision making. Understandings of ethics begin with the analysis of values, both individual and organisational. Effective leaders must aware of their values, and system of ethics and ethical decision making. Good character and integrity are what we want to see from the leader. Somehow there is always the connection between a value system and the ability of the leader to use these values in their decision making. According to the Josephone Instituteââ¬â¢s (1999), there are six pillars of character that might easily be applied to business setting. They are: Trustworthiness ââ¬â honesty, integrity, reliability, loyalty, keeping promises and not deceiving others. Respect ââ¬â using the golden rule or treating others as you wish be treated, in addition to being courteous, listening to others, and accepting individual differences Responsibility ââ¬â accountability, self-control, the pursuit of excellence and considering consequences of our actions prior to making them Fairness ââ¬â playing the rule, not taking advantage of others, making informed judgments without favoritism or prejudice, and not blaming others Caring ââ¬â Kindness, compassion, and altruism, acting to minimize hardship and to help others whenever possible Citizenship ââ¬â working to make oneââ¬â¢s community better, protecting the environment, making our democratic institution work, and operating withi n the law How the leaders ensure that all decisions are made ethically? The foundation of ethical decision making involves choice and balance. As we discuss before ethics is the study of human relationship about right and wrong. To ensure that all decisions made ethically, leaders have to do ethic checks. There are varies on ethic checks but to make it simple, we can define ethic checks into three parts. The most common questions when we questioning about ethics are whether it is legal?, whether it is fair?, and if we do this, how ità will affect ourselves as human being s a memberââ¬â¢s of society. The first part of ethic check is bout legality. Legal here means not only within legal system but also whether it is legal within the organisation policies. After we get the answer for the first part the next question will it be fair? One of the traits that effective leadership must have is putting the organisationââ¬â¢s interest above their personal interest. Hence to ensure the decision has made ethically here the leader should check whether the decision will be fair for all stakeholders. Lastly, after those two questions answered, the leaders must ask themselves how they want to be view by the society because whatever it is, regardless the power that the leaders have, they are still a memberââ¬â¢s of society. Conclusion Ethics is the heart of leadership. In understanding the leadership it is important for us to understand about the ethics. Ethics is the study of human relationship. It is about what we should do and what we should be like in the society. The ethics can be different from one and another because ethics influenced by other factors such as family influence, religious belief, culture, experience and personal reflection. Leadership on the other hand is the particular type of human relationship that involving power. The effective leader has to have good ethics as one of their traits because in effective leadership, leader should put the group interest above his or her personal interest. Nowadays, many organisations in the world have been damage by their unethical decision making and most cases because they put self- interest above group or society interest which destroys the society trust to the organisations. Regarding to that we can see that ethics and leadership should go hand in hand and the effective leadership should have good ethics that stick to the moral values on the society and oppose all the unethical conduct. Like other things in the world nothing is perfect, but it is very good for the leader to ensure that the decisions are made ethically through questioning their decision whether it is legal or fair for them and for the community and the leader also consider their decision as their personal reflection. References Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturani, A. and Dennison, P. (2003). A review of leadership theory and competency framework. Centre for Leadership studies, UK : University of Exeter Linstead, S., Fulop, L., Lilley, S. (2009). Management & Organization A critical text. New York, NY: Palgrave Ciulla, J.B. (ED). (1998). Ethics, the heart of leadership. Westport, CT:Praeger. Driscoll, D. M. & Hoffman, W.M. (2000). Ethics matters: How to implement values-driven management. Waltham, MA Hitt, W.D. (1990). Ethics and Leadership. Columbus, OH: batelle Johnson, C.E. (2001). Meeting the ethical challenges of leaderhip. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers. The six pillars of Character. (2009). Retrieved from http://charatercounts.org/six pillars.html Leadership Theories and styles. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.etsu.edu/ahsc/documents/Leadership_Theories.pdf History of Toyota. (n.d). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Toyota Seeger, M. (2010) Image restoration and Toyota recall. In communication currents. Retrieved from https://www.natcom.org/CommCurrentsArticle.aspx?id=967 Trafigura corporate history. (n.d). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafigura Chhabara, R. (2009) Trafigura ââ¬âToxic ethics. In communication reporting. Retrieved from http://www.ethicalcorp.com/communications-reporting/trafigura-%E2%80%93-toxic- ethics 10 of most unethical business practices in business (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.businesspundit.com/10-most-unethical-business-practices/
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